This case study documents the evolution of the 10 year old Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (trade union of waste-pickers) based in Pune city, India and draws out its distinctive features in terms of ideology, structure and process in support of our argument that process and methodology are critical in empowering the poor, and in realising the transformatory potential of organisations of the poor. We also highlight the meanings of "collective ownership", "participation" and "empowerment" as they are understood and operationalised by the organisation.

It was while implementing the National Adult Education Programme through the SNDT Women’s University in 1990 that we first met child waste-pickers at one education centre. Inspired by the pedagogical method of Paulo Freire, we accompanied them on their forays into the garbage bins and soon realised that collection of source segregated scrap would offer them better working conditions and more time for .education.. We campaigned for source segregation of garbage in an elite neighbourhood nearby so that the girls could source the scrap easily. Excited by the prospect, their mothers, who were also waste-pickers told us that, "our daughters have never been to school, let them learn. We’ll enrol them in school and we’ll collect the segregated scrap". About thirty adult women waste-pickers were issued identity cards by SNDT for collecting source segregated scrap in the neighbourhood. Their earnings improved dramatically because source segregated scrap fetched better rates, reduced their hours of work and improved the actual physical conditions of their work. Six months later, an entrepreneur offered a doorstep garbage collection service (a motorised vehicle with two labourers) in the same neighbourhood for a fee, promising to rid the area of garbage containers. The citizens bought the idea which had a direct and negative impact on the livelihoods of the waste-pickers. We protested, first appealing to the entrepreneur and then to the residents. "You are educated and you have capital, why don.t you start some other business?" "We have been doing this for generations. We are not educated and have no money. As it is we live off what you throw. If you take this away what will we eat?" Finally, we did a bin chipko andolan (held on to the bins so that they could not be carted away). The residents relented and discontinued the service and the entrepreneur withdrew. By this time it was clear to us and to those directly affected by the entrepreneur that there could be other claimants to the "wealth in waste" and that small group endeavours were not likely to counter the threat and this became the basis for organising waste-pickers on a mass scale. It was Dr Baba Adhav, President of the Hamal Panchayat (trade union of coolies / headloaders) and veteran labour leader of informal sector workers in Maharashtra who homed in on the importance of "critical mass" in organising the poor.

The process of organising waste-pickers pre-dated the actual formation of the Union. Waste-pickers and their perceptions of issues were central in the organising process. Since the activists accompanied the waste-pickers on their beats the reality of the present, and the ongoing process of reflection and analysis enabled them to crystallise the critical issues that are so important in process of organising. This also offered the opportunity for establishing close and enduring reciprocal relationships with the waste-pickers.

Typically, the poor define their needs as jobs and credit. It was no different with wastepickers. In the waste-pickers’ own words what they did was not "work" but  "kachra chivadne" (rummaging through garbage). Work was "a secure job in the government or in a company". The reflective and analytical process that the activists and waste-pickers jointly engaged in focussed on understanding the concept of work. It was during this process that the waste-pickers acknowledged that waste-picking had been a means of earning that they had been pushed into when they migrated to the city in large numbers during the drought in 1972. Then, even  more so than now, their caste had prevented their easy entry into domestic work. Construction labour had been an option that they had rejected because "Who wants to work as a construction labourer?

The supervisors treat you like their wives". They concluded that waste-picking was relatively more lucrative than domestic work, more "free" from sexual harassment and the servile feudal relationships in wage labour, that they had been subjected to in the villages. They had always been aware that secure jobs were hard to come by and also realised that we would not be able to fulfil this aspiration. Neither were waste-pickers interested in income generation programmes that could enable occupational change but also entailed a long, slow process of learning new skills and surviving in the market. They were interested in changing the terms and conditions of work in their present occupation. This understanding translated into KKPKPs perspective on scrap collection and the organisational strategies that derived from it.

Until that time the concerned waste-pickers had never foreseen a time when there would be no garbage on the streets. It had always been there and generations had lived off it. What they did know was that they had to contend with dogs, cats, cows and vermin when in the garbage bin; that the stench of putrefying garbage became an indivisible part of their olfactory organ; that the metal and glass shards could cut their hands if they were not careful; that the scrap came to the bin already filtered by domestic workers and security guards who had taken the high value material; that the police rounded them up en masse when there was a theft  in a neighbourhood; that municipal conservancy workers often asked them for "chai pani"(pin money); that citizens complained about the mess they made whilst sitting on the roadside to sort the scrap; that citizens saw them as "dirty, thieving scum of the earth"; that it was only the "malwari" (moneylender) who saw them as creditworthy; that the scrap trader arbitrarily fixed the purchase rates of scrap depending on how vociferous the waste-picker was; that the scrap trader would arbitrarily reduce the weights of the scrap claiming that it was dirty or moist; that the scrap trader was not going to give them a pension when they became too old to work; that their husbands suspected their fidelity and would be waiting to thrash them; that their children were ashamed to acknowledge their mothers’ occupations; and above all that there would be no food in the house if they felt like taking a holiday. These constituted the critical issues as identified by the waste-pickers.

It is these critical issues that informed the process of organising and then sought to establish an alternate identity for waste-pickers as "workers" premised on the belief that scrap collection was socially relevant, economically productive and environmentally beneficial "work", and that the working conditions could be changed. The women from the group of thirty campaigned alongside the activists, convincing their colleagues that it was time to stand up, speak out and assert their rights. They had already learnt from their earlier experience that it had been their collective action that had resolved the problem. The formation of the KKPKP was a logical progression in the process of organising.

A "Convention of Waste-pickers" was organised under Dr Adhav’s leadership, by the SNDT activists and Mohan Nanavre, the son of a waste-picker, leader of  the Dalit Swayamsevak Sangh (a Dalit rights organisation) and a long time associate of Dr Adhav. Dr Adhav’s stature among the urban poor, acquired through 30 years of sustained work among the headloaders lent credibility to the effort. The first of its kind, the Convention held in May 1993, was attended by over 800 wastepickers from across the city. The Convention presented the waste-pickers with a platform to voice their grievances. Successive waste-pickers spoke about the indignity of their existence, the harassment from the police being a recurrent theme. "Kachra amchya malkicha, nahi kunachya bapacha" (garbage belongs to us, not to anybody’s father) became the unifying slogan. When asked what she felt about the Convention, Hirabai Shinde told the press, "Ata paryant amhi counted among the animals, Baba Adhav has brought us to sit here as humans). Those present at the Convention resolved that:

- the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (organisation of scrap collectors) would be set up as a registered trade union to represent the collective identity and interests of scrap collectors
- members would pay an annual fee to support the running of the organisation
- men and women working as scrap collectors would be eligible to become members irrespective of caste, region and religious affiliation
- the organisation would not only address the immediate/ sectoral needs of members but also be part of the larger struggle against injustice and exploitation, for a socially just, equitable and humane society
- the organisation would adopt non violent methods of resistance and "satyagraha" to challenge systemic injustice. Although the organisation offered and promised nothing by way of tangible benefits or services, it offered hope that collective action could end the isolation and injustice experienced by individual waste-pickers, and the response was tremendous. The news about the Convention spread like wild fire through the networks of waste -pickers congregating at the scrap stores, the dumping sites, the garbage bins and the sorting sites and the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat was born.

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